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Add support for pluggable discovery

Speed up 'available' method by inserting unsigned int cast

Allow disabling CDC with -DCDC_DISABLED

Don't use codespell's "rare" dictionary for CI spell check

The word "statics" was recently added to codespell's "rare" commonly mispelled words directory. By default, this
dictionary is used in addition to the more conservative "clear" dictionary, resulting in a spurious failure of the
"Spell Check" CI workflow.

Although this could be fixed by adding the word to the ignore list, it seems that an increasing number of common words
being added to this dictionary, so I think it's best to just remove it altogether. The goal for the "Spell Check"
workflow is to catch some typos without a significant number of false positives, even if that means some misspellings
slip through. I think the "clear" dictionary is more in line with that goal.

Use GitHub Actions for continuous integration

On creation or commit to a pull request, a report of the resulting change in memory usage of the examples will be
commented to the PR thread.

On every push or pull request that affects platform source code or bundled libraries, compile example
sketches of all bundled libraries for the platform's boards.

On every push, pull request, and periodically, run Arduino Lint to check for common problems not related to the project
code.

On every push, pull request, and periodically, use the codespell-project/actions-codespell action to check for commonly
misspelled words.

In the event of a false positive, the problematic word should be added, in all lowercase, to the ignore-words-list field
of ./.codespellrc. Regardless of the case of the word in the false positive, it must be in all lowercase in the ignore
list. The ignore list is comma-separated with no spaces.

Dependabot will periodically check the versions of all actions used in the repository's workflows. If any are found to
be outdated, it will submit a pull request to update them.
NOTE: Dependabot's PRs will sometimes try to pin to the patch version of the action (e.g., updating `uses: foo/bar@v1`
to `uses: foo/bar@v2.3.4`). When the action author has provided a major version ref, use that instead
(e.g., `uses: foo/bar@v2`). Dependabot will automatically close its PR once the workflow has been updated.
More information:
https://docs.github.com/en/github/administering-a-repository/keeping-your-actions-up-to-date-with-dependabot

Declare TwoWire functions as virtual

To make alternative implementations of the TwoWire class (e.g. SoftwareWire for software I2C) work properly being passed to libraries that expect TwoWire type.

fix twi_manageTimeoutFlag function description

Sometimes Arduino-based USB devices don't work because some hardware
(like KVM switches) gets confused by the CDC sub-devices.
This change makes it relatively easy to disable CDC at compiletime.
Disabling it of course means that the serial console won't work anymore,
so you need to use the reset button when flashing.

CDC_DISABLED is also used in ArduinoCore-samd for the same purpose.

based on
https://github.com/gdsports/usb-metamorph/tree/master/USBSerPassThruLine

See also https://github.com/NicoHood/HID/issues/225 and
https://github.com/arduino/Arduino/issues/6387 and
https://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=545288.msg3717028#msg3717028

Update platform specification URLs in configuration files

The Google Code URL in boards.txt is very outdated. The URL in platform.txt is to a more recent home of the content,
which has been replaced with a link to the new location, but while I'm updating boards.txt, I might as well point both
URLs to the real page.

Improve reading ADC result

7.3.0-atmel3.6.1-arduino7 gcc fails to optimize separate reading from ADCL and ADCH. It produces additionally three eor commands or in some cases two mov commands in the assembly code (see discussion #344). These commands swap register contents before store them to data area. So they are completely unnecessary. Reading ADC result with ADC macro fixes it and gcc generates the right code..

Improve and complete implementation of new/delete

The standard dictates that `std::size_t` is used, rather than the plain
`size_t` type.

Even though these types are usually, if not always, exactly the same
type, other code might assume that `std::size_t` is actually used and thus
also available under that name after including `<new>`.

This fixes that by using the right type. One challenge is that it is
usually declared in headers that we do not have available, so this just
defines the `std::size_t` type in the `<new>` header to work around
that.

This is currently disabled, keeping the old behavior of returning
NULL on failure, but should probably be enabled in the future as code
that does want to do a null check has had a chance to switch to the
more portable nothrow versions.

When enabled, allocation failure calls the weak `std::terminate()`,
which calls `abort()` by default, but can be replaced by user code to do
more specific handling.

To enable this, a macro must be defined (in new.cpp or on the compiler
commandline).

This fixes part of #287.

This fixes part of #287.

These are special functions that are presumably put into vtables for
deleted or pure virtual functions. Previously, this would call `abort()`
directly, but calling `std::terminate()` achieves the same effect, but
allows user code to change the behavior (e.g. to print to serial, blink
leds or whatever makes sense).

This allows calling it from other places later. The default
implementation calls `abort()`, but making it weak allows user code to
override this function (either directly, or by including a library like
uclibc++ that implements `std::set_terminate()`).

Note that this does not add a declaration for this function, since the
standard dictates this to be in `<exception>`, but we cannot
meaningfully or completely implement that header, so better leave it to
be overridden by e.g. libraries like uclibc++.

This makes these functions weak, so that a sketch or library can replace
them. This does not apply to all of these operators, only for the ones
that the C++ standard specifies as replaceable.

This makes this header complete up to including C++14, except two
exception classes that cannot be defined without `<exception>`.

The functions related to the "new_handler" are declared but not actually
defined, to prevent overhead and complexity. They are still declared to
allow implementing them in user code if needed.

This makes the implementation of all operator new and delete functions
comply with the C++11/C++14 specification in terms of which should be
actually implemented and which should be delegate to other functions.

There are still some areas where these implementations are not entirely
standards-compliant, which will be fixed in subsequent commits.

This fixes part of #287 and fixes #47.

Originally, the Arduino core used "new.h", rather than the standard
"new", probably because the implementation was incomplete, and for the
most commonly used new and delete operators, no include is needed at all
(they are defined implicitly by the compiler). However, now Arduino
does expose the "new" name, as an alias for the older "new.h". Given
that the standard name is "new", it makes more sense to put the actual
content in "new", and make "new.h" a compatibility header that includes
"new" instead of the other way around.

move timout handling into its own function

change timeout from milliseconds to microseconds

don't forget operating slave address or the bitrate when we reset because of a timeout
Co-Authored-By: Witold Markowski <witold.a.markowski@gmail.com>

fix delay datatype uint16_t --> uint32_t

Update libraries/Wire/src/utility/twi.c

fix mix up using TWBR instea of TWAR!
Co-Authored-By: Matthijs Kooijman <matthijs@stdin.nl>

Update libraries/Wire/src/utility/twi.c

fix 2nd TWBR/TWAR mixup
Co-Authored-By: Matthijs Kooijman <matthijs@stdin.nl>

twi_stop() should use the same timeout as everywhere else

all while loops are now protected by timeouts

Revert "twi_stop() should use the same timeout as everywhere else"

This reverts commit 68fe5f1dae1bb41183bb37eeda3fb453394a580c.

make timeout counter volatile

rename timeout function for improved clarity

- resetting the twi interface on timeouts is now optional
- timeouts in the ISR are no longer hardcoded and now obey the set timeout value
- a user-readable flag is now set whenever a timeout occurs
  - the user can clear this flag whenever they like

Add "new" proxy header for compatibility with c++-standard #include<new>